INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)

INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)

Tham khảo từ "Rèn luyện kỹ năng viết tiếng Anh" của NXB Đại học QG Hà Nội

     INVERSION (ĐẢO NGỮ)

Trong tiếng Anh , khi trong câu có những từ hoặc cụm từ sau , người ta thường đặt chúng ở đầu câu để nhấn mạnh ý nghĩa của câu. Đồng thời động từ trong câu được đặt như dạng câu hỏi. Điều này được gọi là đảo ngữ.

Nguyên tắc chung:

1)- Với động từ BE: …… BE S ………

2)- Với dộng từ thường:

a)- Ở các thì đơn (HT đơn, QK đơn): ……. DO/DOES/DID S V …………

b)- Ở các thì hoàn thành (HTHT , QKHT): ……. HAVE/HAS/HAD S PP/V3 …………

3)- Với các động từ tình thái (MV): ………. MV S V .................

I-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NO VÀ NOT:

- I wil lend you no money from now on. ĐN:- No money will I lend you from now on.

- I wont lend you any money from now on. ĐN:- Not any money will I lend you from now on.

II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC TRẠNG TỪ PHỦ ĐỊNH:

Never(không bao giờ), rarely = seldom = little (ít khi, hiếm khi, hầu như không), hardly (ever) (hầu như không bao giờ).

- I will never speak to him again. ĐN:- Never will I speak to him again.

- He has rarely got mark 10 in maths. ĐN:- Rarely has he got mark 10 in maths.

- I seldom listen to rock music. ĐN:- Seldom do I listen to rock music.

- She little understands me. ĐN:- Little does she understand me.

- They hardly (ever) speak in public. ĐN:- Hardly (ever) do they speak in public.

- She is never late for school. ĐN:- Never is she late for school.

II-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI:

No sooner …… than; Hardly/Barely/Scarcely…… when/before…….. (Vừa mới ….. thì…….)

1)- No sooner had S PP/V3 than clause (QKĐ)

2)- Hardly/Barely/Scarcely had S PP/V3 when/before clause (QKĐ)

-I had no sooner arrived home than the phone rang.

ĐN:- No sooner had I arrived home than the phone rang.

-I had hardly arrived home when/before the phone rang.

ĐN:- Hardly had I arrived home when/before the phone rang.

III-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI ONLY:

- Only after N/V-ing: chỉ sau khi. - Only later: Chỉ sau này

- Only once: chỉ một lần - Only then : chỉ đến lúc đó

- Only when clause : chi đến khi - Only if clause : chỉ nếu

- Only by N/V-ing : chỉ bằng cách - Only with N/V-ing: chỉ với.

- Only in this/that way : chỉ bằng cách này/đó

- I realized that I had forgotten to put on a stamp only after posting the letter.

ĐN:- Only after posting the letter did I realize that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.

- She will love him only when she understands him.

ĐN:- Only when she understands him will she love him.

- We can pass the exam only by working harder.

ĐN:- Only by working harder can we pass the exam.

- We will be successful only in this way.

ĐN:- Only in this way will we be successful.

- You are allowed to enter this room only if I have given permission.

ĐN:- Only if I have given permission are you allowed to enter this room.

IV- ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI CÁC CỤM GIỚI TỪ CÓ NO:

- At no time : chưa từng bao giờ

- In no way : không còn cách nào

- On no condition : tuyệt đối không

- On no account : không vì bất cứ lí do gì

- Under/In no circumstances:trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không.

- For no reasons = On no account : không vì bất cứ lí do gì.

- No longer: không còn nữa

Ex:

- He never knew she came from a rich family.

ĐN1:- At no time did he know she came from a rich family.

ĐN2:- Never did he know she came from a rich family.

- Keith certainly cant be held responsible for the accident.

ĐN:- In no way can Keith be held responsible for the accident.

- Passengers arent permitted to open the doors under/in any circumstances.

ĐN:- Under/In no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors.

- He no longer works as an accountant. He has just found another job.

ĐN:- No longer does he works as an accountant. He …………………………..

V-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI SO ………….. THAT VÀ SUCH ………. THAT :

1)- SO ……….. THAT :

- He worked so hard that he forgot his lunch.

ĐN:- So hard did he worked that he forgot his lunch.

- The play is so interesting that the theatre is likely to be full every night.

ĐN1:- So interesting is the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.

ĐN2:- Such is the interest of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.

- He bought so many books that he couldn't read them all.

ĐN: So many books did he buy that he couldn't read them all.

- Alice has so much homework that she can't finish it all.

ĐN: So much homework does Alice have that she can't finish it all.

Note: Dùng SO MANY/FEW/MUCH/LITTLE N không dùng SUCH.

2)- SUCH ……………. THAT :

- It was such a boring speech that I got sleepy.

ĐN:- Such was a boring speech that I got sleepy.

Note: trong trường hợp BE SO MUCH/GREAT đổi thành SUCH BE NOUN

- The force of the storm was so great that trees were uprooted.

ĐN:- Such was the force of the storm that trees were uprooted.

VI-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI : NOT ONLY …………. BUT ALSO (không những mà còn)

NOT ONLY mệnh đề đảo BUT ……… ALSO mệnh đề thường

- He is not only good at English but he can also draw very well.

ĐN:- Not only is he good at English but he can also draw very well.

VII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI: NOT UNTILL/TILL (THEN/LATER)

NOT UNTILL/TILL mệnh đề thường mệnh đề đảo. (mãi đến khi)

- I didnt know where I was untill I asked a passer-by.

ĐN:- Not untill I asked a passer-by did I know where I was.

NOT UNTILL/TILL THEN/LATER mệnh đề đảo. (mãi đến lúc đó/sau này)

- I didnt recognize him untill later.

ĐN:- Not untill later did I recognize him.

VIII-ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER/NOR VÀ SO:

- They dont like chicken, and neither/nor do I.

- She can play the guitar, and so can I.

* ĐẢO NGỮ VỚI NEITHER………………..NOR :

- There is neither excitement nor entertainment in this small town.

ĐN: Neither is there excitement nor entertainment in this small town.

IX-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG SO SÁNH VỚI AS VÀ THAN:

- The cake was excellent, as the coffee was.

ĐN:- The cake was excellent, as was the coffee.

- I thought, as my friend did, that the exam would be difficult.

ĐN:-I thought, as did my friend, that the exam would be difficult.

- He has more money than you do.

ĐN:- He has more money than do you.

X-ĐẢO NGỮ TRONG CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN:

1-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1:

IF S V ……. ---------> SHOULD S V ……….

- If you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once.

ĐN:- Should you hear the fire alarm, leave the building at once.

- If anybody phones me, please tell them Im busy.

ĐN:- Should anybody phone me, please tell them Im busy.

2-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2:

a-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ TO BE:

IF S WERE ………………….. ----------------> WERE S ………………..

- If I were you, I wouldnt do that. ĐN:-Were I you, I wouldnt do that.

b-CÓ ĐỘNG TỪ THƯỜNG:

IF S P/V2 ………………… ---------------> WERE S TO V ……………

- If he worked more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes.

ĐN:-Were he to work more slowly, he wouldnt make many mistakes.

3-CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3:

IF S HAD PP/V3 ……………………… -------------------> HAD S PP/V3 ………….

-If they had realized the danger, they would have done it differently.

ĐN:-Had they realized the danger, they would have done it differently.

Note: Đối với cả ba loại câu điều kiện, nếu mệnh đề IF là phủ định thì ta đặt NOT sau chủ từ.

- If you dont believe what I said, ask your mother.

ĐN:- Should you not believe what I said, ask your mother.

- If she were not shy, she would have a good time at the party.

ĐN:- Were she not shy, she would have a good time at the party.

- If I hadnt seen it, I wouldnt have believed it.

ĐN:- Had I not seen it, I wouldnt have believed it.

XI-ĐẢO NGỮ SAU CÁC TRẠNG NGỮ CHỈ PHƯƠNG HƯỚNG HOẶC VỊ TRÍ:

Khi câu có một từ hoặc một cụm trạng ngữ chỉ phương hướng hoặc vị trí thì nội động từ được đảo lên trước chủ ngữ.

- David began to open the parcels. A dictionary was inside the first.

ĐN:- David began to open the parcels. Inside the first was a dictionary.

- A portrait of Lenin was above the fiòlace.

ĐN:- Above the fiòlace was a portrait of Lenin.

- His father sat in an armchair. ĐN:- In an armchair sat his father.

Note:

-Động từ TO BE thường được sử dụng trong dạng đảo ngữ này, ngoài ra ta còn dùng các nội động từ chỉ sự chuyển động như: CLIMB, COME, FLY, GO, HANG, LIE, RUN, SIT, STAND, ……..

-Thường chỉ dùng dạng đảo ngữ này khi động từ ở thì quá khứ đơn.

-Trường hợp đảo ngữ này, không sử dụng trợ động từ mà sử dụng trực tiếp động từ đặt trước chủ từ.

-Không đảo ngữ khi chủ từ là đại từ.

(sai): In an armchair sat she.